WATER THE MASTER OF THE EARTH
The only miracle I saw two weeks ago on the Tokyo Bay was the falling of air balls, white and blue, from the rainy sky to the surface of the sea water.
They however did not look like cannonballs at all, though maybe resembling a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom.
SECTION I: H2O vs. CO2
Ask an arrogant man what structure the liquid water has. Indeed, H2O. But, it is just the component. The issue is how the mass of H2Os, water, is formed through specific linkages of a spate of H2O molecules.
Some H2O molecules form a cluster.
The force underlying a cluster comes from physical properties of H2O; a water molecule can be linked with zero, one, two, three, or four other water molecules.
(If each of all the H2Os in a macro scale is combined with other four H2Os, they can look like a piece of ice in a macro view, since we call such a state of water “ice.”)
A cluster is an independent unit of these local combinations of H2Os; and any macro scale quantity of water includes a myriad of clusters.
But, its true state and configuration as well as behaviors in actual water are still a mystery; namely, the structure of water is still a mystery!
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…This work has led to a gradual refinement of our views about the structure of liquid water, but it has not produced any definitive answer…
The view first developed in the 1950's that water is a collection of "flickering clusters" of varying sizes (right) has gradually been abandoned as being unable to account for many of the observed properties of the liquid…
The present thinking, influenced greatly by molecular modeling simulations beginning in the 1980s, is that on a very short time scale (less than a picosecond), water is more like a "gel" consisting of a single, huge hydrogen-bonded cluster. On a 10-12 - 10-9 sec time scale, rotations and other thermal motions cause individual hydrogen bonds to break and re-form in new configurations, inducing ever-changing local discontinuities whose extent and influence depends on the temperature and pressure…
Theoretical models suggest that the average cluster may encompass as many as 90 H2O molecules at 0°C, so that very cold water can be thought of as a collection of ever-changing ice-like structures. At 70° C, the average cluster size is probably no greater than about 25….
The principal finding was that 80 percent of the water molecules are bound in chain-like fashion to only two other molecules at room temperature, thus supporting the prevailing view of a dynamically-changing, disordered water structure….
http://www.chem1.com/acad/sci/aboutwater.html
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Compared with CO2, water can be more easily comprehended, since we can see, touch, and hold a mass of H2O while we usually cannot do it with CO2.
And, the stern fact is that human beings do not know how H2Os are forming water in a mass.
Then, how can we truly know how and how much a mass of CO2 is contributing to the temperature rise all over the globe?
Ask an arrogant advocate of CO2 emissions trading system how he can know how precisely CO2 works in the air all over the globe while mankind does not know how H2Os compose water and behave in it.
Any theory should be tested in a scientific experiment; but I have never heard that they have built a Yankee Stadium-size of experiment globe or dome to test the CO2 heat-light emission effect.
That is why the G8 leaders and other world leaders to come to Japan for the Summit Meeting should discuss this issue.
They should wonder how little mankind knows about the structure of water.
And "no one understands, for instance, why liquid water is able to carry so much heat."
http://www.psc.edu/MetaCenter/MetaScience/Articles/Jordan/Jordan.html
Indeed, H2O should be more focused on than CO2 and petroleum in the G8 Summit, since its existence in the universe is a miracle.
SECTION II: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
Energy problems for mankind should be solved using water. And, the vast majority of water is in the seas and oceans.
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The Earth's oceans are continually heated by the sun and cover nearly 70% of the Earth's surface; this temperature difference contains a vast amount of solar energy which can potentially be harnessed for human use. If this extraction could be made cost effective on a large scale, it could provide a source of renewable energy needed to deal with energy shortages, and other energy problems….
As heat flows from one to the other, the engine converts some of the heat energy to work energy. This principle is used in steam turbines and internal combustion engines, while refrigerators reverse the direction of flow of both the heat and work energy. Rather than using heat energy from the burning of fuel, OTEC power draws on temperature differences caused by the sun's warming of the ocean surface…
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion
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Now you understand the principle and the gist of OTEC.
The next step is, as is usual, applications, practices, technical feasibility, and cost performance.
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The United States became involved in OTEC research in 1974, when the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority was established at Keahole Point on the Kona coast of Hawaii. The laboratory has become one of the world's leading test facilities for OTEC technology. Hawaii is often said to be the best location in the US for OTEC, due to the warm surface water, excellent access to very deep, very cold water, and because Hawaii has the highest electricity costs in the US.[5]
Although Japan has no potential OTEC sites it has been a major contributor to the development of the technology, primarily for export to other countries.[6] Beginning in 1970 the Tokyo Electric Power Company successfully built and deployed a 100 kW closed-cycle OTEC plant on the island of Nauru.[6]
The plant, which became operational 1981-10-14, produced about 120 kW of electricity; 90 kW was used to power the plant itself and the remaining electricity was used to power a school and several other places in Nauru.[2] This set a world record for power output from an OTEC system where the power was sent to a real power grid.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion
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Indeed, some Japanese scientists are proposing a very promising scheme.
(Click to enlarge)Fig. Principle of Operation of OTEC
http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jilm/55/12/633/_pdf/-char/ja/
(Haruo Uehara, “Ocean energy and light metals,” Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals, Vol. 55, No. 12 (2005), pp,633-636)
The scientist, Mr. Haruo Uehara, believes that his version of OTECS, called I-OTECS, can well address the five major challenges in the 21st century: global environment, energy, water, foods, and population problems.
However, according to his scheme, 18,000 tones of titanium are needed as essential materials for construction of 1000M watts power plant (and a parallel desalination plant) whose output is equal to that of a conventional nuclear power plant.
SECTION III: Hydrogen Energy
I recommend that half of energy people now are using in CO2-related issues should be re-directed to the study and trials of hydrogen economy.
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In an (as-yet-hypothetical) hydrogen economy, the energy needed for motive power (for automobiles and other vehicle types) or electricity (for stationary applications) is derived from reacting hydrogen (H2) with oxygen. By eliminating the use of carbon-based fossil fuels, a hydrogen economy would sharply reduce the emission of carbon dioxide, which plays a central role in global warming. As an energy carrier, hydrogen could substitute for dwindling supplies of petroleum and provide energy independence to countries without oil resources….
While hydrogen (the element) is abundant on Earth, and indeed is the most abundant element in the universe, manufacturing hydrogen does require the consumption of a hydrogen carrier such as a fossil fuel or water. The former consumes the fossil resource and produces carbon dioxide, but often requires no further energy input beyond the fossil fuel. Decomposing water requires electrical or heat input, generated from some primary energy source (fossil fuel, nuclear power or a renewable energy). The economics and environmental impact of any implementation of any future hydrogen economy will largely be determined by future energy development.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_economy
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And, the key to realization of real applications seem to lie in water, too.
So, you have to start to study the structure of water mankind knows very little about.
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That is all for today.
But, tell Chinese that even one Japanese TV station has collected US$550,000 for aid and contribution to victims of the Sichuan Great Earthquake that took 70,000 lives two months ago.
Of course, we can see a humble ad in the train running through a city in Japan, telling China's gratitude to support from the Japanese people.
Chinese leaders should not try to divert anger of Chinese citizens against their Government to Japan, abusing some interpretations of the past history.
Nonetheless, there are many Chinese youths who come to Japan to eventually respect Japan, since water quality in Japan is better than in China, in my humble analysis.
(Next week the G8 Summit is at last to be held in Hokkaido, Japan.
Yet, I have no schedules on the coming Sunday, since the God has not invited the G8 leaders for a miracle only poor believers can be honored by.
Anyway, I will inform you of some if appropriate.
http://page.freett.com/noren/beet/rubber/rubber7.html)
Joh 1:26 John answered them, saying, I baptize with water: but there standeth one among you, whom ye know not;
Joh 1:27 He it is, who coming after me is preferred before me, whose shoe's latchet I am not worthy to unloose.