(The Most Prestigious Square in Japan: Maru-no-uchi)New Equations Yet to be Formulated (for CO2 and H2O)
(Pourtant, de nouvelles équations à Formulé)
Somebody should formulate a new equation more effective for calculating the future change in temperature on the earth than the conventional equations.
Then, he or she might even take a position among Newton (human world mechanics), Maxwell (electromagnetism), Einstein (gravitation field), and Schrodinger (atom-size mechanics).
Until such a new scientific discovery is done, we had better reserve our unconditional offering the praise to any heroes so worldly praised in this field, since it is truly a matter of the mankind and the earth probably devised and set by the God Almighty when He had created the solar system as metaphorically recorded in the Bible.
SECTION 1: The Equations for Proving CO2 Effect
In Japan, if you use electricity of one kilowatt (kW) for an hour, you are regarded as contributing to 555 grams of CO2 emission, since they have adopted the following:
Amount of CO2 in ton = 0.000555 x KW x Hours
(or 0.000555 ton-CO2/kWh)
http://www.env.go.jp/press/press.php?serial=8193
But, more basically, the set of equations used for modeling the global climate and calculating effect of increase in CO2 in the air are called the Navier-Stokes equations:
http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/26946/1/PWmod3_02-07
They consist of the fluid motion equations, the mass conservation equation, the equation of first law of thermodynamics for the air mass, the equation of state, and the equation of conservation of the water vapor amount, all of which is applied to each grid (some huge square miles) dividing the surface of the earth.
According to physicsworld.com, "... Although current models typically contain a million lines of code, we can still simulate years of model time per day, allowing us to run simulations many times over with slightly different values of physical parameters...
... In the mid-1990s Ben Santer at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the US and colleagues strengthened the argument that humans are influencing climate by showing that climate models successfully simulate the spatial pattern of 20th-century climate change only if they include anthropogenic effects."
In short, effectiveness of the model based on the Navier-Stokes equations is said to be proved as shown in the figures in the following Web page.
http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/26946/1/PWmod4_02-07
SECTION 2: Contribution by Japanese Scientists
In 1969, Mr. Syukuro Manabe calculated, based on his world's first "realistic" atmospheric circulation model, the effect of CO2 in the air on the atmospheric temperature: Twice more CO2 will increase the temperature by 2.4 degrees Celsius.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe
His work has been still highly regarded as a base for research:
"In research on climate dynamics and global hydrology, one of the earliest and most productive models of land (continental) water and energy balance has been that of Manabe (1969)." http://nomads.gfdl.noaa.gov/CM2.X/references/pcm0202.pdf
Also, there have been many Japanese scientists in this field working in Japan and the U.S.:
"A milestone in that period was the first international symposium on NWP [numerical weather prediction] held in Tokyo in 7-13 November 1960 (Fig. 1; Syono, 1962). There were over 50 participants from abroad in the field of dynamic meteorology and NWP...and consequently it was an epoch-making event which facilitated exodus of Japanese meteorologists to the United States in those days; there were presentations by Akio Arakawa,...
There were many important contributions by Japanese scientists to the improvements, including novel and stable finite-difference methods developed in the 1960s, such as the Kurihara (1965) grid, the Arakawa (1966) Jacobian and the Matsuno (1966) scheme, and sophisticated parameterization schemes of sub-grid scale phenomena developed in the 1970s, such as the Arakawa and Schubert (1974) cumulus parameterization and the Mellor and Yamada (1974) turbulence closure models for planetary boundary layers."
http://www.es.jamstec.go.jp/esc/research/AtmOcn/thorpex/publications/Yoden2006JMSJreview.pdf
SECTION 3: Criticism of the Current Equations and Modeling
There are, of course, various criticism of the current method for modeling of the global climate and calculation of the effect of CO2.
(1) A grid used for global climate calculation has a size of 50km x 50 km on the ocean and 270km x 270km in the air, which is too rough to be reliable and realistic.
(2) The Navier-Stokes equations were essentially created for calculating a micro-scale portion of fluid, called fluid particles; and thus its application to macroscopic meteorological phenomena are doubtful whether they produce any meaningful result.
(3) The Navier-Stokes equations are not effective in taking into consideration the need to assign to each point in space the value of viscosity and density of air and sea water that change incessantly.
(4) Even for ordinary weather forecast where a mesh of 5km x 5km (3 miles x 3 miles) is used, there is no assurance that the equations are valid in a scientific manner, though the gap between reality and calculation can be smaller, since the target period is only a few days but not years as in the case of the global warming study.
(Source: http://env01.cool.ne.jp/frommanager/fm2006_7.htm , and others)
But, as I wrote "Temperature, Sound, Radar, and God's Eye" on October 3, 2007, Japanese scientists has successfully measured temperature in the stratosphere so as to prove that the temperature is surely rising in troposphere while the stratosphere gets cooler.
http://premium.nikkeibp.co.jp/em/column/yamane/10/index.shtml
Therefore, something including CO2 must cover the sky so high above the ground and the sea to trap heat. But, we are yet to see any convincing solution of the Equations that can clearly explain this phenomenon and its effect numerically.
Finally, equations to clearly present the movement of water vapor, the most important carrier of heat in the air around the human world, should be also created.
SECTION 4: The Second-Law Definition of Temperature
The second-law definition of temperature in thermodynamics is as follow:
T = E / S,
or
E = TS,
where T is temperature, E is a change in energy, and S is a change in a function of the disorder called entropy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature
The above equation can be interpreted as the energy causes the change in temperature and entropy (a degree of order of molecules).
If hot water is added to cool water, the whole energy (measured by temperature) is preserved but the degree of disorder will change (most probably increase).
When crude oil is burnt in the air, this fossil fuel loses part of its energy for generating electricity or driving a car while other part of energy is carried by their molecules now in the form of CO2 at a higher temperature being emitted to the air causing greater disorder.
If CO2 emitted with heat to the air increases the entropy in the whole air, the energy contained in the air cannot be easily transformed into other foam so as to decrease temperature, in addition to the greenhouse effect of trapping the radiation heat from the surface of the ground which can be realized even by CO2 without a potential of increasing entropy.
Also water vapor used together with fossil fuels or involved in the generator or the engine will be emitted to the air carrying energy and increasing the entropy, thus making the whole air more unstable, in my view.
If the increase in the entropy caused by heated CO2 and water vapor from fossil fuels is not so critical for the rise of temperature, it may deteriorate quality of the energy contained in the air in terms of interaction with other natural forces, making more difficult the dissipation of heat from the air and also the creation of effective equations for modeling the global climate, in my view.
If the theory of chaos is more strongly working, this concept of entropy-related effect should be more focused on.
* * *
The God or Allah gave crude oil to Muslims, so that they can be materially blessed.
But, if crude oil is used in a bad manner, it will spew out disordered CO2 and water vapor to the whole world, causing a big and real big problem.
Indeed, it must apply to any body, since everybody has one's own merit or strength, such as a talent for calculation or physical performance.
Truly, you have to ponder well how to use or manage it or to whom you commit it.
(There is an island called Miyakejima in the Pacific Ocean off the mainland Tokyo Prefecture.
On July 14, 2000, the volcano at the center of the island hugely erupted, and all the residents were subsequently evacuated in a few months, due to volcanic gases, including sulfur dioxide (SO2), emitted in such a great quantity as is rarely observed globally.
Though now 3,000 citizens have returned to the island, the damages are yet to be fully recovered.
I wonder why the Governor of Tokyo will not leverage the state of the island for promoting awareness of environment.
Japan's Prime Minister should invite the G8 Summit members, who will visit Japan next year, to Miyakejima Island for deepening insight into effect of gasses.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyakejima )
"ASK, SEEK, KNOCK"
(Bittet, sucht, klopft an!)