Most Often Quoted
One of the greatest, and most often quoted, verses in the Bible is actually a quote from Jesus.Conversely, we had better think about what should have happened to mankind if the God had not sent His only son to the earth.
John 3:16 For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.
http://www.whatchristianswanttoknow.com/words-of-jesus-15-amazing-bible-quotes/
If Christ Had Not Come . . . we would not know the FatherPut simply, it is a revolution that Christ Jesus had carried out in His lifetime around 4 BC to 30 AD. As it was so revolutionary, it captured the minds of Paul and others including Israelites and pagans.
It is sometimes easy to forget that without Christ, Jehovah would be, for many people, an inscrutable, faraway, mysterious Being. Even today in some countries, countless thousands and even millions of people worship images of wood or stone, hoping to appease a detached deity. For them, the idols represent gods who are harsh, condemning, and difficult to please.
The ancient Hebrews received from God a system of law that could be misunderstood by those who fail to comprehend the father love of Jehovah. Many Israelites failed to see the true intent of the Law and its purpose as a standard of righteousness. For them, it became the restrictive rules of a God who lashed out in anger at those who failed to obey the Law. They feared God for what He might do, but they failed to appreciate Him for who He truly was.
When Jesus of Nazareth began His ministry, He described God as a heavenly Father who cared for the most undeserving of His children. The Savior portrayed Jehovah as a parent awaiting the return of His prodigal child. The man from Galilee encircled children with His arms, touched repulsive lepers, and taught that God sympathized with a sparrow when it fell to the ground-anywhere in the world. When Philip said to the Lord, "Shew us the Father, and it sufficeth us," Jesus answered, "Have I been so long time with you, and yet hast thou not known me, Philip? he that hath seen me hath seen the Father; and how sayest thou then, Shew us the Father?" (see John 14:8-9). God is exactly like Jesus, but that glorious fact would have remained unknown if the Lord had not come to earth.
If Christ Had Not Come . . . prayer would be impossible
Within the ancient world, only special people had access to God. Moses went into the mountain to meet the Almighty; Elijah prayed and God responded by preventing rain from falling over a period of three and a half years; Isaiah, Daniel, and others prayed and received responses from heaven, but such experiences were unknown among ...
http://www.sermonsearch.com/sermon-outlines/22142/the-worldwithout-christ/
End of The World: Top 5 Popular Scenarios
1: Extraterrestrial Impact
This scenario is where there is an impact of a large extraterrestrial object with the Earth.
2: Pandemic
A pandemic taken from the Greek words pan all and demos people, it is a spreading of infectious disease that propagates through populations across a large region.
3: Climate Change
Throughout the Earths history there has always been climate change, in this end of the world scenario we take the meaning of climate change as when the environment becomes too hostile to support current human life populations.
4: Nuclear War
Since the creation of the atom bomb in the 1940's, there has been a new threat to mankind, nuclear war.
5: Gray goo (nanobots)
Nanorobots (nanobots, nanoids, nanites or nanonites) are typically conceived to be devices ranging in size from 0.1-10 micrometers and constructed out of nanoscale or molecular components. As no artificial non-biological nanorobots have yet been created, they remain a hypothetical end of the world concept.
Gray goo phrase is given to the concept of out-of-control self-replicating robots consume all matter on Earth while building more of themselves.However, we have to think about our origin first when handling our survival, the matter about ourselves so grave and significant. It is because there must be a kind of relationship between the beginning and the end of our existence. Moreover, if we were an extraterrestrial being, we would surely check from how human beings came to exist to how it has ceased to exist all through history of human beings when we examine the fate of them.
http://drwibble.hubpages.com/hub/End-of-The-World-Top-5-Scenarios
Ice age on the way as scientists fear the Sun is 'falling asleep'
A NEW ice age could be on its way to Europe after scientists warned of an alarming fall in the performance power of the Sun.
By: Owen BennettPublished: Sat, January 18, 2014
The number of gas explosions on the Sun's surface should be at the peak of its 11-year cycle of activity, but there has been an unexpected drop off.
One space physicist said he had not seen anything like it in his 30 year career, and there are fears the temperatures could drop so low the Thames might freeze over.
"If you want to go back to see when the Sun was this inactive... you've got to go back about 100 years," Richard Harrison, head of space physics at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in Oxfordshire told the BBC.
One of the Sun's biggest lulls came in the 17th century, known as the Maunder Minimum, at the same time as freezing winters swept across Europe.
That caused not only the River Thames to freeze solid, allowing Londoners to enjoy frost fairs, but even the Baltic Sea iced over in some of the harshest conditions ever recorded in Europe.
Dr Lucie Green, from University College London's Mullard Space Science Laboratory told the BBC: "It's completely taken me and many other solar scientists by surprise."
After this sudden calming of the Sun, scientists wonder whether its activity will continue to fall.
"It would feel like the Sun is asleep... a very dormant ball of gas at the centre of our Solar System," said Dr Green.
"There is a very strong hint that the Sun is acting in the same way now as it did in the run-up to the Maunder Minimum."
http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/454657/Ice-age-on-the-way-as-scientists-fear-the-Sun-is-falling-asleep
Finally, the Sun may influence the Earth's climate also in other, more convoluted ways, e.g. by modulating the flux of cosmic rays, which have been proposed to increase the coverage by low-lying clouds.
But how strong the Sun's influence is and which mechanism is playing the main role is a matter of current research. The Sun's influence on the Earth's climate can not be measured directly. However, good correlations have been found between different proxies of solar activity and climate records, for example, between the concentration of 14C in tree rings and glacier fluctuations (Fig.1).
Fig. 1. Sunspot number (green line) and the concentration of 14C in tree rings (red) as proxies of solar activity versus glacier fluctuations (white circles; after Eddy 1976, Nature 192, 1189).
Another example is the the coincidence of the so called Maunder minimum (a period in the second half of the 17th centuty when hardly any sunspots were seen during more than 50 years, see Fig. 1) with the Little Ice Age in Europe, a time of severe cold and great hardship, when the Thames froze regularly and alpine glaciers grew deep into the valleys. The latter is greatly illustrated by painters of Dutch school, showing winter scenes, ice-covered canals, figures skating and sledging (Fig. 2).
http://www2.mps.mpg.de/projects/sun-climate/se_body.html
What is an ice age? An ice age is a long interval of time (millions to tens of millions of years) when global temperatures are relatively cold and large areas of the Earth are covered by continental ice sheets and alpine glaciers. Within an ice age are multiple shorter-term periods of warmer temperatures when glaciers retreat (called interglacials or interglacial cycles) and colder temperatures when glaciers advance (called glacials or glacial cycles).
At least five major ice ages have occurred throughout Earth’s history: the earliest was over 2 billion years ago, and the most recent one began approximately 3 million years ago and continues today (yes, we live in an ice age!).
Currently, we are in a warm interglacial that began about 11,000 years ago. The last period of glaciation, which is often informally called the “Ice Age,” peaked about 20,000 years ago. At that time, the world was on average probably about 10°F (5°C) colder than today, and locally as much as 40°F (22°C) colder.
Simplified chart showing when the five major ice ages occurred in the past 2.4 billion years of Earth’s history. Modified from several sources including Dynamical Paleoclimatology: Generalized Theory of Global Climate Change, 2002, by Barry Saltzman.
http://geology.utah.gov/surveynotes/gladasked/gladice_ages.htm
ALEXANDER VI. (Rodrigo Borgia) (1431-1503), pope from 1492 to his death, is the most memorable of the corrupt and secular popes of the Renaissance. He was born (January 1, 1431) at Xativa, near Valencia in Spain, and his father's surname was Lanzol or Llancol; that of his mother's family, Borgia or Borja, was assumed by him on the elevation of his maternal uncle to the papacy as Calixtus III. (April 8, 1455).So, history tells us that when Europe was on the verge of irredeemable corruption symbolized by the emergence of a putrid Pope, God gave another big chance for salvation to mankind through Columbus.
...
His manners were agreeable and his appearance fascinating, but, like many other prelates of the day, his morals were far from blameless, his two dominant passions being greed of gold and love of women, and he was devotedly fond of the children whom his mistresses bore him.
...
Before his elevation to the papacy Cardinal Borgia's passion for Vannozza somewhat diminished, and she subsequently led a very retired life. Her place in his affections was filled by the beautiful Giulia Farnese (Giulia Bella), wife of an Orsini, but his love for his children by Vannozza remained as strong as ever and proved, indeed, the determining factor of his whole career. He lavished vast sums on them and loaded them with every honour. A characteristic instance of the corruption of the papal court is the fact that Borgia's daughter Lucrezia (see BORGIA, LUCREZIA) lived with his mistress Giulia, who bore him a daughter Laura in 1492.
...
On the death of Pope Innocent VIII. the three likely candidates for the Holy See were Cardinals Borgia, Ascanio Sforza and Giuliano della Rovere; at no previous or subsequent election were such immense sums of money spent on bribery, and Borgia by his great wealth succeeded in buying the largest number of votes, including that of Sforza, and to his intense joy he was elected on the 10th of August 1492, assuming the name of Alexander VI. Borgia's elevation did not at the time excite much alarm, except in some of the cardinals who knew him, and at first his reign was marked by a strict administration of justice and an orderly method of government in satisfactory contrast with the anarchy of the previous pontificate, as well as by great outward splendour. But it was not long before his unbridled passion for endowing his relatives at the expense of the church and of his neighbours became manifest. For this object he was ready to commit any crime and to plunge all Italy into war.
http://historymedren.about.com/od/aentries/a/11_pope_alex6.htm
Plantation owners embraced the use of slaves mainly because indentured labor became expensive. Some indentured servants were also leaving to start their own farms as land was widely available. Colonists tried to use Native Americansfor labor, but they were susceptible to European diseases and died in large numbers. The plantation owners then turned to enslaved Africans for labor. In 1665, there were less than 500 Africans in Virginia but by 1750, 85 percent of the 235,000 slaves lived in the Southern colonies, Virginia included. Africans made up 50 percent of the South’s population.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation_economy#SlaveryIt is so interesting that the combination of tobacco and slaves set foundation of economic growth and future great prosperity of America.
The History of slavery in Virginia can be traced back to the very founding of Virginia as an English colony by the London Virginia Company. The headright system tried to solve the labor shortage by providing colonists with land for each indentured servant they transported to Virginia.[1] African workers were first imported in 1619, and laws regarding their slavery were codified into Virginia's first slave code in 1705.Wealth tobacco sales generated was so huge that it became a main factor of a war between Americans and Englishmen.
Increasingly toward the end of the 17th century, large numbers of slaves from Africa were brought by Dutch and English ships to the Virginia Colony, as well as Maryland and other southern colonies. On the large tobacco plantations, as chattel (owned property), they replaced indentured servants (who were only obligated to work for an agreed period of time) as field labor, as well as serving as household and skilled workers. As slaves, they were not working by mutual agreement, nor for a limited period of time. In time the practice of slavery became an economic factor for the labor-intensive tobacco and cotton plantations of the South.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Virginia
Tobacco cultivation and exports formed an essential component of the American colonial economy during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Tobacco plantations were distinct from other cash crops in terms of agricultural demands, trade, slave labor, and plantation culture. Many influential American revolutionaries, including Thomas Jefferson and George Washington, owned tobacco plantations, and were financially devastated by debt to British tobacco merchants shortly before the American Revolution.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_American_Colonies
Global Tobacco Industry
Published on December 14th, 2010 11:35
Global Tobacco Industry sells approximately 6 trillion cigarettes annually.
Last year the total value of global tobacco market was approximately $614 billion.
Excluding China, about a half of the international tobacco market is operated by the four largest public tobacco corporations, in accordance with British American Tobacco report.
The BAT’s report provides the following numbers concerning the market share for the last year:
Phillip Morris International (PMI) -16%
British American Tobacco (BAT) - 13%
Japan Tobacco International (JTI) - 11%
Imperial Tobacco - 6%
http://www.tobaccopub.net/articles/global-tobacco-industry
First Jesus was in the garden where the tomb was situated. He later went to Emmaus, Galilee and back to Jerusalem. There may have been other places, but these are the ones specifically mentioned. Finally, He ascended into heaven.But, if Christ Jesus came back to life, why wouldn't he restart His mission again? Of course, He had to escape from the Jewish authority and Roman troops. If He repeated the same mission again around Jerusalem, He would have been arrested and crucified again. In deed, they positioned guards before the tomb where the dead body of Christ Jesus was laid down.
http://www.answers.com/Q/Where_did_Jesus_go_after_the_resurrection
"The 'Missing Years' of the Shroud," by Alessandro Piana. An important piece of historical research which shows how after the sack of Constantinople in 1204, the Shroud might have come into the possession of a French Crusader knight Otho de la Roche (1180-1324, who became the Duke of Athens and was an ancestor of Jeanne de Vergy, the wife of Geoffroi I de Charny (c.1300-1356), the first documented owner of the Shroud (see `tagline' quotes, Piana, 2007).
http://theshroudofturin.blogspot.jp/2008/03/shroud-news-january-2008.html
Geoffroi de Charny (c. 1300 – 19 September 1356) was a French knight and author of at least three works on chivalry. He was born around 1300. His father, Jean de Charny was the Lord of Lirey in Burgundy and his mother was Margaret de Joinville. His grandfather on his mother's side, Jean de Joinville, was a close friend of King Louis IX and author of his biography.
Geoffroi de Charny and his wife Jeanne de Vergy are the first reliably recorded owners of the Turin Shroud.[9][10] The first public exhibition of the Shroud is memorialized in The Pilgrimage Medal shown here and dating from that time. The medal shows the image of the Shroud[11] with very precise indications in spite of its small dimensions. On this medal one can see a frontal and dorsal view of the body, the linen herring patterns, four marks of burns as well as the coats of arms of the Charny and Vergy families. This pilgrimage medal is exhibited at the Cluny museum in Paris (France).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffroi_de_Charny#Shroud_of_Turin
So, maybe a follower of Christ called Addai might bring the shroud those women had found in the tomb to Edessa. In addition, Addai might have been the young man sitting in the tomb when the women entered it. Anyway, a long story started up to Turin, today.
http://eereporter.blogspot.jp/2013/12/mt.html
The Shroud of Turin is an old piece of linen about 14’ 3” long and 3’ 7” wide. Believed by many to be the actual sindon used to wrap Jesus in the tomb, its authenticity suffered from having no historical documentation before the mid-14th cen. Researcher Ian Wilson’s historical reconstruction has the Shroud folded, prior to the 6th century, so only the face was visible. It was hidden by its guardians’ in Edessa (modern Urfa, Turkey) so that its true nature leaked out only slowly. Wilson postulates that sometime after its transfer to Constantinople in the 10th century the Byzantines quietly accepted it as the NT shroud, and this was reflected in new art motifs beginning in the 11th century. An almost nude Christ laid on a long cloth with hands folded over his loins and missing thumbs were some of the unusual features in this art, features not depicted this way before the arrival of the Edessa Image.
Occasionally some of this artwork displays a zigzag pattern resembling the Shroud’s herringbone weave. Additionally, the white arrow above points to three holes with an fourth offset hole in an “L” shaped pattern that is repeated in one 12th century picture, and helping to convince many observers that the SOT must have been the model for this new post-10th century art. If true, then the Shroud does date at least two hundred years before the 1988 C14 results of 1260-1390. Wikimedia Commons
11th century ivory - within a hundred years of the arrival of the Edessa Icon Byzantine art suddenly produces Lamentation art forms showing Jesus laid out on a large shroud in a manner resembling the Turin Shroud. Why? Gertrud Schiller, Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. 2 (Passion), lower panel of no. 595
http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2013/03/28/The-Shroud-of-Turins-Earlier-History-Part-Three-The-Shroud-of-Constantinople.aspxMoreover, if somebody had acquired such a great technique of painting or image creation, he should have applied it to other works. But, there were no works of art created with a similar skill.
Could ancient earthquake explain Shroud of Turin?
LiveScienceBy Megan GannonPublished February 12, 2014
The new theory hinges on neutrons released by a devastating earthquake that hit Old Jerusalem around the same time that Jesus is believed to have died. [Who Was Jesus, the Man?]
All living things have the same ratio of stable carbon to radioactive carbon-14, but after death, the radioactive carbon decays in a predictable pattern over time. That's why scientists can look at the carbon-14 concentration in organic archaeological materials like fabrics, bones and wood to estimate age. Carbon-14 is typically created when neutrons from cosmic rays collide with nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere (though it can be unleashed by manmade nuclear reactions, too).
The group of scientists, led by Alberto Carpinteri of the Politecnico di Torino in Italy, suspect high-frequency pressure waves generated in the Earth's crust during this earthquake could have produced significant neutron emissions. (They simulated this by crushing very brittle rock specimens under a press machine.)
These neutron emissions could have interacted directly with nitrogen atoms in the linen fibers, inducing chemical reactions that created the distinctive face image on the shroud, the scientists say. The reactions also could have led to "a wrong radiocarbon dating," which would explain the results of the 1989 experiments, Carpinteri said in a statement.First of all, Christ Jesus, as a human being, was a man of miracles. He could work various miracles on men, physical entities consisting of many carbon and nitrogen atoms.
http://www.foxnews.com/science/2014/02/11/shroud-turin-could-ancient-earthquake-explain-face-jesus/
The shroud is undoubtedly old. Its history is known from the year 1357, when it surfaced in the tiny village of Lirey, France. Until recent reports that most of the scientific world accepted the findings of carbon dating carried out in 1988. The results said the shroud dated back to 1260-1390, and this is much to new to be Jesus' burial linen.It does not need a specific earthquake as a source of neutrons. The very source of neutrons that increased a ration of Carbon-14 in the Shroud was the body of Christ Jesus Himself who could work various wonders on the human body, such as making the blind see, bringing the dead into life, curing a leaper, etc. These miracles must have been possible as Christ Jesus could emit radiation, neutrons, etc that could work on diseased parts of a sick or dead person.
http://mysteriesundefined.blogspot.jp/2009/02/holy-shroud-of-turin.html
Historic billfold: At top left is the wallet Oswald was carrying when he was arrested containing photos, ID cards and a Fair Play for Cuba Committee card. Some of the items were stained by chemicals used for fingerprinting
Although Jews have, over the eighteen centuries since the Roman Exile, maintained a constant presence (albeit small) in the Land of Israel, the modern concept of Zionism - which led to the formation of the State of Israel - has its roots in nineteenth century Europe. There, Jews experienced the political and scientific renaissance known as the Emancipation, which gave Jews the chance to break their general isolation from the day-to-day affairs of the countries in which they resided. Many Jews adopted the ethno-nationalist political ideology that was developing in Europe at the time and set up moshavim - communities which were financed largely by Baron Edmund de Rothschild of Paris - and socialist communes (called kibbutzim) in Israel, their ancient homeland. The first wave of Jews who were so inclined arrived in Israel (then known as Palestine) in 1882, in what is known as the First Aliyah ("going up:" the way Jews describe their immigration to the Holy Land).
http://www.stateofisrael.com/arab-israel/1stevents/
The Rothschilds and the creation of Israel
In1836 Rabbi Kalisher approached the Rothschild family to fund the establishment of Israel. They were not interested. The French built the Suez Canal but the Egyptian Pasha was in need of money so they wanted to sell their shares of the Suez Canal. The French wanted to buy all the shares but the Egyptian didn’t want a monopoly. The French wanted to split the British Empire in half by controlling the Canal. British PM Disraeli, a converted Christian from the Jewish faith, was friends with Rothschild and got a loan to buy up the Egyptian shares. He was mindful of what a French controlled Suez could mean to the British Empire.
In 1859 the first oil well was drilled in Titusville, Pennsylvania and construction of the Suez Canal began. In 1869 the Suez Canal was completed. In 1870 John D. Rockefeller formed Standard Oil. In 1873 the Baku oil region was opened for development and the Nobels entered the Russian oil business. In 1882 Edmond de Rothschild (an oil expert) visit Israel.
In 1885 Royal Dutch discovers oil in Sumatra in the East Indies(modern Indonesia) and the Rothschilds enter the Russian oil business. In 1886 the Rothschilds start their own oil company BNITO. In 1888 the Rothschilds establish oil importing/distribution company.
The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company (the quotation marks were part of the legal name) was a British company, founded in 1897 by Marcus Samuel and his brother Samuel Samuel.[3] Initially the Company commissioned eight oil tankers for the purposes of transporting oil.[6]
The origin of the brand name Shell is linked to the origins of The Shell Transport and Trading Company.[10] In 1833, the founder's father, also Marcus Samuel, founded an import business to sell seashells to London collectors. When collecting seashell specimens in the Caspian Sea area in 1892, the younger Samuel realized there was potential in exporting lamp oil from the region and commissioned the world's first purpose-built oil tanker, the Murex (Latin for a type of snail shell), to enter this market; by 1907 the company had a fleet. Although for several decades the company had a refinery at Shell Haven on the Thames, there is no evidence of this having provided the name.
With their banking connections the Rothschilds would transport their Russian oil to the Far East and British India. The Rothschilds were major investors in Shell Oil Company. The Suez Canal was crucial to Shell for exporting kerosene oil to Asia e.g. British India.
In 1891 Rothschilds/Samuel oil contract began. In 1892 Samuel’s Shell Oil Murex sails through the Suez Canal. A year later Shell Oil add 10 more tankers to the fleet. In 1893 Alphonse de Rothschild meets with Standard Oil to discuss cartel.
In 1896 Captain Alfred Dreyfus is falsely accused of espionage in France. Theodore Hertzel begins the Zionist campaign to create Israel.
Rothschild also wanted to protect their oil interests but they needed a political and military watchdog over the Suez Canal and the State of Israel was created. They wanted a militant and battle hardened Israel and no pushovers.
URL: http://able2know.org/topic/127802-1
Who helped the Jews to buy Israel?
lees_sword answered 8 years ago
I'll try to answer this even though I figure this is a Hasbara set-up for Jewish propaganda. Most of what little was purchased in 1946-48 was financed out of mostly Great Britian Jewry and the United States Jews.
The rest of Israel (the vast bulk of it) was a result of rebellion against the Government of Palestine and the British Mandate Authority established by the League of Nations by illegal Jew male migrants from Europe who were sneaked in on ZIM transports and then formed the Stern Gangs--who machined-gunned the Christians and Muslims living in what was the nation and land of Palestine, even to the point of murdering entire families asleep in their beds in their ancestrial homes.
Most of today's Isreal is not a result of purchase but of bloodshed, murder and mayhem by Zionists.
As I stated at the outset, I'm probably wasting my time answering a Hasbara propadanda piece that has been posted by a (Jewish) "Princess" and that the answer will be supplied by her partner Jew who has a scripted answer already in hand to upload. I surmise that because your "question" is loaded--it assumes purchase when in fact little purchase was involved.
Do what you will--the truth is outing all over the world. Israel stand condemned as a crime against humanity--a 50-year-old one.
https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index;_ylt=A0SO80s3PT1UtE8AHxFXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEyZnJyZG9jBHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDMTMEY29sbwNncTEEdnRpZANVSUMxXzE-?qid=20060727025456AABTVfe
Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel
14 May 1948
...On the 29th November, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution calling for the establishment of a Jewish State in Eretz-Israel; the General Assembly required the inhabitants of Eretz-Israel to take such steps as were necessary on their part for the implementation of that resolution. This recognition by the United Nations of the right of the Jewish people to establish their State is irrevocable.Conversely, if the Rothschilds and other rich Jewry in the UK and the US should decide to abolish the nation Israel, all the Judaist Israelis must be obliged to leave Jerusalem and Palestine and move to the UK, the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, or South Africa.
This right is the natural right of the Jewish people to be masters of their own fate, like all other nations, in their own sovereign State.
ACCORDINGLY WE, MEMBERS OF THE PEOPLE'S COUNCIL, REPRESENTATIVES OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY OF ERETZ-ISRAEL AND OF THE ZIONIST MOVEMENT, ARE HERE ASSEMBLED ON THE DAY OF THE TERMINATION OF THE BRITISH MANDATE OVER ERETZ-ISRAEL AND, BY VIRTUE OF OUR NATURAL AND HISTORIC RIGHT AND ON THE STRENGTH OF THE RESOLUTION OF THE UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY, HEREBY DECLARE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A JEWISH STATE IN ERETZ-ISRAEL, TO BE KNOWN AS THE STATE OF ISRAEL.
WE DECLARE that, with effect from the moment of the termination of the Mandate being tonight, the eve of Sabbath, the 6th Iyar, 5708 (15th May, 1948), until the establishment of the elected, regular authorities of the State in accordance with the Constitution which shall be adopted by the Elected Constituent Assembly not later than the 1st October 1948, the People's Council shall act as a Provisional Council of State, and its executive organ, the People's Administration, shall be the Provisional Government of the Jewish State, to be called "Israel"....
http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/declaration%20of%20establishment%20of%20state%20of%20israel.aspx
Gangs in the United States include several types of groups, including national street gangs, local street gangs, prison gangs, motorcycle gangs, and ethnic and organized crime gangs.[4] Approximately 1.4 million people were part of gangs as of 2011, and more than 33,000 gangs were active in the United States.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangs_in_the_United_StatesWe also heard news about interference by gangsters in a Hong Kong street under occupation by democratic protesters.
The name most associated with organised crime within Hong Kong is Wai Yu Kwan and He family.
Although one of the most famous criminal organizations in the region, the Triads are not the only source of organized crime in Hong Kong.
Without high levels of street crime and no great numbers of Mafia-style organized crime syndicates, it has been suggested that the people of Hong Kong, believe that their society is, in law and order terms, healthy and clean, although this may not be the case.
Triads
One of the world's largest triads, Sun Yee On, was founded in Hong Kong in 1919, and has 55,000 members worldwide.[1] Sun Yee On's rival organization, 14K Triad, was formed in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China in 1945, and relocated to Hong Kong in 1949.
ArrestsIn Pakistan, terrorist networks and origanozed crimes seem to be interwoven so dangerously. We should hope that Malala is very safe from them.
In August 2013, the Hong Kong Police Force arrested 1,800 people in a crackdown against triads, in an undercover operation entitled Thunderbolt 13. They were charged with various offences, including illegal gambling and money laundering.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organised_crime_in_Hong_Kong
Organized crime in Pakistan refers to the activities of groups of organized crime in Pakistan, The Pakistani Mafia is spread in many countries and are also politically supported and politicized. Pakistani Mafia groups are mostly ethnically-based and have influence over government. The Pakistani Mafia is involved in drug trafficking, assassination, land grabbing, arms smuggling and various other illegal activities.[citation needed] The world's third most wanted fugitive and Indian underworld don, Dawood Ibrahim, is hiding in Karachi, according to Forbes.
"Dawood Ibrahim: The most wanted man in India has for years led a 5,000-member criminal syndicate known as D-Company. The organized crime group has engaged in everything from narcotics to contract killing, working mostly in Pakistan, India and the United Arab Emirates. Ibrahim shares smuggling routes with al Qaeda, the U.S. government says, and has collaborated with both al Qaeda and its South Asian affiliate, Lashkar-e-Taiba, which pulled off the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, possibly with Ibrahim's help. Ibrahim is suspected of having organized the 1993 Bombay bombings that killed 257 people and wounded 713. Though the Pakistani government denies it, Ibrahim is probably in Pakistan, where he has important ties to the powerful intelligence service."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organised_crime_in_Pakistan
On 21 February 2007, the BBC reported on an unpublished Metropolitan Police report on London's gang culture, identifying 169 separate groups (see Ghetto Boys, Tottenham Mandem and Peckham Boys), with more than a quarter said to have been involved in murders.
The report, using a methodology developed by American gang experts and practitioners, estimated that 6% of young people aged 10–19 were classified as belonging to a delinquent youth group, although based on the most stringent criteria this was 4%.
In April 2009, eleven members of the Gooch Gang were found guilty of a number of charges ranging from murder to drugs offenses. The Gooch Gang had a long-standing rivalry with the equally well known Doddington gang. The Gooch gang operated with a tiered structure. On the top were the gang's leaders, Colin Joyce and Lee Amos, and below them were members controlling the supply and distribution of drugs to the street dealers at the bottom. The gang was earning an estimated £2,000 a day, with street dealers allowed to keep £100 a day for themselves.
A number of the criminal gangs in the United Kingdom specialize in the importation, production and sale of illicit drugs. Of the 2,800 gangs identified within the United Kingdom it is estimated that 60% are involved in drugs.
In other reports it has been suggested that Turkey replaced Asia as the most important transit point for heroin, and it is estimated that 80% of heroin intercepted by British authorities belongs to Turkish gangs.[72] A recent spate of murders in London in 2009 have been linked to a heroin drugs war involving rival Turkish and Turkish-Kurdish gangs in north London.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangs_in_the_United_Kingdom#Organised_crime_groups
Organised crime has increased dramatically in Israel since the 1990s and is described by the BBC and the Israeli Police as a "booming industry". The Israeli organised crime groups have extended their activities in foreign countries like the United States, South Africa, and the Netherlands.[1] According to a report by the Israel Police, drug trafficking, trafficking of women for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation, illicit gambling, pirate filling stations and real estate are the major forms of crime in the country.Wealth produces these criminals and gangsters in addition to legally living wealthy people.
In 2002, the Israel Police documented 464,854 criminal files and non-prosecution cases while the number was 484,688 in 2003. This was an increase of 4.5% over 2002.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Israel#Organized_crime
The process by which scriptures became canons and Bibles was a long one, and its complexities account for the many different Old Testaments which exist today. Timothy H. Lim, a professor of Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Judaism at the University of Edinburgh, states that, "The Old Testament (OT) or Tanak was written in Hebrew and Aramaic. This collection of books was not written by one man, nor did it drop down from heaven as assumed by fundamentalists. It is not a magical book, but a collection of authoritative texts of apparently divine origin that went through a human process of writing and editing.”[18] By about the 5th century BC Jews saw the five books of the Torah (the Old Testament Pentateuch) as having authoritative status; by the 2nd century BC the Prophets had a similar status, although without quite the same level of respect as the Torah; beyond that, the Jewish scriptures were fluid, with different groups seeing authority in different books.
Greek Bible
The scriptures were first translated into Greek in Alexandria between about 280–130 BC.[20] These early Greek translations – supposedly commissioned by Ptolemy Philadelphus – were called the Septuagint (Latin: "Seventy") from the supposed number of translators involved (hence its abbreviation "LXX"). This Septuagint remains the basis of the Old Testament in the Eastern Orthodox Church.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament#From_scripture_to_canon:_formation_of_the_Old_TestamentProbably it was beyond the imagination of those original followers of living Christ Jesus to write a new version of the holy book of Judaism to present Christ Jesus as the Son of God. They were all Judaists. And, they were most probably illiterate.
Literacy rate of ancient Rome compared to Europe's middle ages?
There is no way to calculate literacy rates for certain in either society, so we can only rely on sheer guesswork here. In both societies, the vast bulk of the population - like 80-90% at least - were illiterate farmers. Only the upper classes and urban middle classes, a small minority of the population, would have had a use for literacy.
Still, the evidence (and the consensus among historians) pretty conclusively points to the Roman empire having much greater literacy than medieval Europe, at least until the last century or so of the Middle Ages. The Roman Empire had state-subsidized education, nothing like a modern public school system but still much more expansive than medieval church-based education. The empire was also much more urbanized than medieval Europe - maybe 10% of the population. The Middle Ages had probably less than 5% of its population in cities, though again the number rose in the later Middle Ages.
The main evidence for more widespread Roman literacy is the KIND of writing you find in the Roman Empire. Practically all medieval texts (until you start getting merchants' contracts and records around 1100 onwards) were written by churchmen or tutored aristocrats, and are fairly formal in character. In the Roman Empire, you find a lot more casual writing - notes taken by soldiers stationed at Hadrian's Wall, graffiti from the brothels of Pompeii, etc. These kinds of things show that reading and writing was more a part of routine daily life and not just formal business.
Just to pull numbers out of a hat, I would say that the Roman Empire might have had a literacy rate around 10%, maybe 20% tops, and medieval Europe probably under 5% in the early Middle Ages, rising gradually to around 10-20% by the end (15th century).
https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index;_ylt=A0SO80D1mzpUZOgANTBXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTExdnAzNG4wBHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDNQRjb2xvA2dxMQR2dGlkA1VJQzFfMQ--?qid=20120416014255AAI0hWo