Friday, May 10, 2013

"It is the sabbath day" - Neutron, Proton, and Water



A Public Park in Ruins of a Samurai Castle around Tokyo


Neutron, Proton, and Water

This world is mainly made of three elements.

They are not necessarily electrons, neutrons, and protons, though they together constitute an atom.

They are a down quark (d), an up quark (u), and an electron (e).

A neutron consists of two down quarks and one up quark, while a proton consists of one down quark and two up quarks, since electric charge of a down quark is -1/3 and that of an up quark is +2/3.  An electron has -1 of electric charge.

Neutron (0) = d (-1/3) + u (2/3) + d (-1/3) 

Proton (1) = u (2/3) + d (-1/3) +  u (2/3) 

However it is observed that a neutron placed alone naturally changes to a proton, but a proton placed alone never turns to a neutron.  A neutron cannot sustain its status if it is left alone in space but a proton under the same conditions is very stable.

An entity with d+u+d is unstable but another entity with u+d+u is very stable.

The key to this phenomena is mass of each quark.   Roughly speaking, d (-1/3) has mass of 10 MeV while u (2/3) has mass of 5 MeV.  An electron has mass of 0.5 MeV.


Neutron [25] = d [10] + u [5] + d [10] 

Proton [20] = u [5] + d [10] + u [5] 

Indeed a proton weighs 1.672 621 777 x 10-27kg and a neutron weighs 1.674 927 351 x 10-27kg

By analogy, water is made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.  One hydrogen atom weighs 1 g/mol and one oxygen atom 16 g/mol.

Water [18] = H [1] + O [16] + H [1]

Thus, a water molecule is very stable like a proton having a heavy component at the center of its composition.

Conversely, it is supposed that a neutron can be very unstable as it has a light component at the center of its composition.

But what mechanism works in the transition from a neutron to a proton?

n → νe* + p + e 

where νe* is an electron antineutrino which has no electric charge.

The above equation can be expressed in a different manner:

{d+u+d} =νe* + {u+d+u} + e 

d (-1/3) + u (2/3) + d (-1/3) = u (2/3) + d (-1/3) + u (2/3) + e (-1) + νe*

Because (0 = -1/3 + 2/3 -1/3) = (1 = 2/3 -1/3 + 2/3) + (-1)

But this transition has hidden steps.

Neutron (0) = d (-1/3) + u (2/3) + d (-1/3) 

= d (-1/3) + u (2/3) + d (-1/3) + (0)

= d (-1/3) + u (2/3) + d (-1/3) + {d* (1/3) + u (2/3) + e (-1)}

= d (-1/3) + d* (1/3) + u (2/3) +d (-1/3)  + u (2/3) + e (-1)

= {d (-1/3) + d* (1/3)} + {u (2/3) +d (-1/3)  + u (2/3)} + e (-1)

= ν{e*}(0) + Proton (1) + e (-1)

Where d* (1/3)  is an anti-quark.

In these hidden steps, an anti-quark is generated to balance electric charge with a newly generated up quark and an electron.

This is a new theory about the transition from a neutron to a proton.



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Joh 5:8 Jesus saith unto him, Rise, take up thy bed, and walk.
Joh 5:9 And immediately the man was made whole, and took up his bed, and walked: and on the same day was the sabbath.
Joh 5:10 The Jews therefore said unto him that was cured, It is the sabbath day: it is not lawful for thee to carry thy bed.
Joh 5:11 He answered them, He that made me whole, the same said unto me, Take up thy bed, and walk.